Eindexamen Engels havo 2018, tijdvak 2: vragen en antwoorden

Every student succeeds

President Obama and Congress gave American children a gift this holiday season with passage of the "Every Student Succeeds Act" ["Senate approves sweeping legislation on public schools," news, Dec. 10]. The law offers an opportunity to improve public school education through greater adoption of expanded learning time and targeting funds to after-school, before-school and summer services for students from low-income families. By sixth grade, children from affluent homes have spent 6,000 more hours at enrichment activities, creating a critical education gap. It's not an achievement gap but an opportunity gap. Afternoons filled with caring adults in the classroom offer moments of discovery that can be a critical advantage all children can enjoy. Now there is a federal law to further support and encourage that. That is a gift for all children in our nation.

Steven M. Rothstein, Boston

washingtonpost.com, 2015

Buy this handbag

Robin Givhan's Dec. 9 Style article, "Buy this handbag, save the planet?," about high-end fashion houses "going green," was further proof of how radically our society must change if we are to

5 address climate change. The solution is not to nip and tuck around the edges by no longer using leather-curing chemicals that are bad for the environment but, rather, to yank up by the roots the consumerist culture, the throw-away mentality that

10 prevails in this country, demonstrated by the "need" to buy the newest phone every year, a new car every few years, etc.

We need to stop purchasing so many material items that leave permanent footprints on the environment: the materials used to make them, the fuel required to transport them and space in the Earth once we no longer want

15 them. We need to make do with less. Besides, we should demand that the products we buy do not have a built-in limited life-span. It is time to understand the difference between needs and desires and to live and purchase accordingly.

Emily S. Goldman, Washington

washingtonpost.com, 2015

Society and Culture

Invisible Boyfriend

adapted from a blog by Alexis Evans

1 Are you single and sick of unsolicited relationship questions from your co- workers, mail lady, or parents? Then put down the catnip and carton of chunky monkey and say hello to your new virtual man.

2 You can subscribe to Invisible Boyfriend for just $25 per month. You sign up for a profile with this app and pick from a selection of online photos to begin creating your perfect boyfriend. You can also pick his name (mine would be Aubrey Graham), age, and even craft his personality. Then users can text their new fake boyfriend, and get this

• he texts back!

3 What's probably the most shocking thing about this site is that the fake boyfriends are actually real guys! One Washington Post reporter actually found herself falling for her faux beau. She then discovered that her invisible boyfriend was in fact not one person dedicated to her alone. She explains: "The service's texting operation is powered by Crowdsource, a St. Louis-based tech company that manages 200,000 remote, microtask- focused workers. When I send a text to the Ryan number saved in my phone, the message routes through Invisible Boyfriend, where it's anonymized and assigned to some Amazon MTurk or Fivrr freelancer. He gets a couple of cents to respond. He never sees my name or number, and he can't really have anything like an actual conversation with me."

4 This app is probably one of the saddest/creepiest things I've ever seen. I applaud the developers for seeing an unmet need for a niche audience and finding a way to service it, but the whole concept is bound to backfire. What happens when the people you're fooling want to meet this prince charming? Have fun explaining that one.

lawstreetmedia.com, 2015

For what it's worth

1 MY day normally begins so early that it's actually two days ago. But last week a series of unfortunate events including a wardrobe crisis and a milk catastrophe in the kitchen made me an hour late.

2 Being 60 minutes late in the morning has a remarkable effect on my entire day, but most notably on the commute.

3 As the train pulled into the station it appeared as though an entire platform full of people had all decided to get into the first carriage. To my horror though, as each subsequent car passed, they all looked the same. Some passengers were giving me repellent expressions to try and deter me from taking up more non-existent space next to them. Other people were pressed so tightly against the glass that they were incapable of making any facial expressions at all. I could tell what they were thinking though.

4 A set of doors opened and, at the same moment, two people simultaneously and foolishly breathed out creating a tiny void. I saw my opportunity, dived in and expertly morphed into the shape of the doors so nothing was amputated as they closed. I had succeeded in boarding but at a cost of having to spend most of the journey in someone's armpit while being glared at.

5 There was so little free space left in the carriage that some commuters were starting to use breathing apparatus. Despite this, at the next station the doors opened and a man started trying to climb into my pocket. When the doors closed the passengers relaxed, which pinned the man to the wall with such pressure that by the next station he had turned into a diamond.

6 Parts of my own body had started to fossilize but fortunately the next stop was mine. Evidently my destination was also everyone else's too and alighting from the train was more akin to surfing. It was lucky I wanted to get off because I didn't really have much choice.

7 To prevent this unfortunate situation occurring again I have developed a brilliant rush hour strategy. Just before bed I quickly consume 10 pints of cider (good cider). Then for breakfast I pick up my usual order: lamb souvlaki, extra onions and tzatziki, hold the salad, lamb … and bread.

8 The result of this recipe is breath that can etch glass. As commuters approach my carriage a slight exhalation in their direction has a similar effect to tear gas and they will normally wait for the next train.

Dan Gardner, an mX reader who hopes you don't adopt his idea.

adapted from a column in mX Newspaper, 2012

What's the Big Idea?

based on an article by Rob Cromwell

1 If you were asked to name a business that encourages creativity in its staff, the likes of Apple, Google or Pixar might be near the top. But what is it that makes them hotbeds of revolutionary ideas and novel inventions? Is it the indoor beach shacks and hidden rooms (complete with fully-stocked bars) that Pixar staffers can enjoy? Or perhaps the Lego room and two- storey slide that Google employees use?

2 "Businesses like to put themselves in boxes, it simplifies things, but if the box is too rigid

• or it's the wrong box ─ the company suffers. It won't be 11 enough to deal with changing conditions," says Luc de Brabandere, co-author of Thinking in New Boxes. "This is where creative thinking comes in, as organisations look at constructing 'new' boxes for themselves. There is no universal recipe for success."

3 History is awash with firms who have jumped on the creative bandwagon with both verve and a bundle of cash, but without a suitable business plan in support. And simply paying lip service to creativity can be terminal. Kodak invested heavily in creativity, and the people they employed delivered expertly: its R&D department invented a digital camera in 1975. However, the management insisted film remained the future and Kodak lost out to electronics companies more willing to adapt. The company filed for bankruptcy in 2012.

4 David Burkus, author of The Myths of Creativity says: "We're in a knowledge-based economy, so it's beneficial to be perceived as creative. People are naturally biased against innovations. The key to overcoming

this is delaying judgment ─ it's what consumers do, and it means that good ideas can overcome that bias in the end." Burkus adds: "You can learn something from every test that doesn't work. The best companies are those that reward both success and failure, because both are getting you closer to something new. Only 13 should be punished."

5 Which brings us back to Google, the simple search engine that brought us the most detailed map of the world, the most popular smartphone operating system, and an office with a slide in it. At Google, staying still has never been an option and Eze Vidra of that company tells its employees: "Think big, start small. When you first start out, the biggest barriers are in your mind, so just remove them." However, Vidra is also at pains to make clear that there need to be clear pathways for new ideas to move up: "Creativity is a tool and must be used as such ─ if creativity becomes your goal then your business will fail."

6 But how many Googlers are actually creative thinkers? According to Vidra, it is a little bit in all of them, when you look at how they spend their working week: "70% of the time you do the job you are paid to do, 20% is for personal projects to do with the brand, and the remaining 10%? That is for the crazy stuff." It is of course easier for an organisation worth $200 billion to free up such time for its staff, but perhaps every organisation can spare a few of its resources for the crazy stuff.

Holland Herald, 2014

Cinderella is a fairy tale by Viv Regan

1 'Once upon a time, there was a beautiful young girl named Cinderella. She had two ugly stepsisters who were very cruel to her.' As the opening lines of Cinderella suggest, the story is not a postmodern masterpiece or a haunting tale of familial dysfunction. It is a classic Disney fairy tale: a childish fantasy packed with sparkly magic. It is, in short, a kids film.

2 Sadly, given the online hullabaloo surrounding the release of Kenneth Branagh's new live-action adaptation of Cinderella (which is out today), you could be forgiven for thinking that Cinderella is a threat to children. Upon word of the film's release, the ugly stepsisters of the commentariat united with a few 'perpetually petrified parents' and railed against Cinderella, criticising, in particular, the incy-wincy waistline sported by Lily James, the actress playing the pauper-turned-princess. According to the likes of Dr Rosie Campbell, a reader in politics at Birkbeck, the film sends the wrong message to young girls. 'This focus on beauty, this "pinkification" of the Disney role model. No wonder we are struggling to get young women engaged with politics', Campbell told the Guardian. So now even the crisis of politics is being laid at the doorstep of Disney!

3 They may have been leaping to the film's defence, but the cast and crew also seemed to take the role-modelling malarkey seriously. In one interview, James said: 'The film is about courage, kindness, strength and

beauty from within so they [the critics] are focusing on the wrong thing.' Cinderella screenwriter, Chris Weitz, went even further, telling the Daily Beast that Gandhi was the inspiration for Cinderella's 'inner strength' in the film. So, while Cinderella may not kick ass, at least she's 'Gandhi in a gown'.

4 How peculiar it is to think that Cinderella (or Frozen, which was praised for its feisty female leads) has a role to play in bringing up our kids. It speaks to a very confused idea of what a role model is to think that a fictional character can, and should, hold such sway over children's development. Adults here are re-cast as little more than extras.

5 The anti-Cinderella campaign is typical of the megalomania of today's 'think of the children' campaigners. Not only do these people think it is their job to pry into adults' family lives; it seems they also think it's okay to pry into children's imaginations, too.

6 If you go, enjoy the film. After all, it's just a bit of fun.

spiked-online, 2015

How to beat the bugs

adapted from an article by Brooke Borel

It was a long winter for many of us, so the return to warm weather makes upcoming plans for barbecues and picnics sound all the sweeter. Those outdoor activities, of course, come with an itchy, harsh reality: mosquitoes and ticks, as well as the nasty illnesses they spread. How should you protect yourself?

1 In the United States, there are two categories of insect repellents: those that are registered and those that are not. The Environmental Protection Agency regulates the distribution, use, and sale of all insect repellents, along with all other pesticides. For registered products, this means that any company that would like to sell a particular pesticide must hand over a slew of safety and efficacy data to the EPA. If the data are sufficient, the EPA registers a label for that product specifying exactly where and how it can be used.

2 For certain products, there is 20 ─ specifically for those all-natural bug sprays that your well-meaning, chemical-fearing friend is pressing into your hand at the picnic. In 1996 the EPA exempted 31 pesticide ingredients from registration, in part to make it easier for companies to bring related products to market. These minimum-risk pesticides, as they're called, are "demonstrably safe for the intended use" and mainly include foods and essential oils such as citronella, cloves, and mint. Because the EPA has already deemed these ingredients safe, the agency doesn't need to see related safety data for each new product that includes them. The trouble is, the agency doesn't require efficacy data either. Many exempt products boast "EPA-Approved" on their labels, which is a little misleading. For safety, this is true. But this does not mean that the EPA says the products repel any insects.

3 Of course, just because the EPA doesn't require efficacy data doesn't mean these ingredients fail to repel biting pests. But the science isn't promising. Take citronella, among the most commonly sold exempt ingredients. Undiluted, citronella oil may repel mosquitoes for two hours. Common products with 5 percent to 15 percent concentrations, however, may last just 20 to 30 minutes, and other studies suggest citronella candles don't offer much protection at all. 21 show up for many ingredients on the list, if data even exist. And while higher concentrations work best for some of these products, they are also more likely to cause irritation of the eyes, lungs, and skin.

4 There are other options that may please everyone. Newer EPA- registered (not just approved) alternatives have proved to be nearly or as effective as DEET, one of the most effective and long-lasting insect repellents available. One is picaridin, a synthetic version of piperine, the chemical that gives black pepper its kick; another is IR3535, a biopesticide based on the amino acid alanine that Europeans have used happily for many years and that the EPA approved for use in the United States in 1999.

5 For full-on chemophobes who seek a registered product, there is lemon- eucalyptus oil, which works as well as low concentrations of DEET and may last for up to six hours. For adventurous chemophobes, there is PMD, the synthetic version of lemon eucalyptus. Both are generally safe, although neither should be used on children under the age of 3 (just another example of the fact that 23 ).

6 24 , there are those who will still tout the 100 percent all-natural repellents. They're welcome to it. I, for one, as a resident of a region plagued with both West Nile virus and Lyme disease, will stick with science and use products with the ingredients recommended to protect against mosquitoes and ticks. Biting, disease-carrying arthropods don't heed the all-natural fad. I won't, either.

Brooke Borel writes for Popular Science and TED.com, among others, and is working on a book about bedbugs.

slate.com, 2013

It is all in the mind

1 Imagine a politician from your party is in trouble for alleged misdemeanors. He's been assessed by an expert who says he likely has early-stage Alzheimer's. If this diagnosis is correct, your politician will have to resign, and he'll be replaced by a candidate from an opposing party.

2 This was the scenario presented to participants in a new study by Geoffrey Munro and Cynthia Munro. A vital twist was that half of the 106 student participants read a version of the story in which the dementia expert based his diagnosis on detailed cognitive tests; the other half read a version in which he used a structural MRI brain scan. All other story details were matched, such as the expert's years of experience in the field, and the detail provided for the different techniques he used.

3 Overall, the students found the MRI evidence more convincing than the cognitive tests. For example, 69.8 percent of those given the MRI scenario said the evidence the politician had Alzheimer's was strong and convincing, whereas only 39.6 percent of students given the cognitive tests scenario said the same. MRI data was also seen to be more objective, valid and reliable. Focusing on just those students in both conditions who showed skepticism, over 15 percent who read the cognitive tests scenario mentioned the unreliability of the evidence; none of the students given the MRI scenario cited this reason.

4 In reality, a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's will always be made with cognitive tests, with brain scans used to rule out other explanations for any observed test impairments. The researchers said their results are indicative of naive faith in the trustworthiness of brain imaging data. "When one contrasts the very detailed manuals accompanying cognitive tests to the absences of formalized operational criteria to guide the clinical interpretation of structural brain MRI in diagnosing disease, the perception that brain MRI is somehow immune to problems of reliability becomes even more perplexing," they said.

5 What about the students with a very strong political identity for whom the diagnostic evidence was therefore particularly unwelcome? The researchers found that the gap between the perception of MRI and cognitive testing was largest for this group. This is because, when the students were highly motivated to disbelieve the diagnosis of Alzheimer's, those told about the cognitive tests were very dismissive, but those told about the MRI scans showed similar levels

of trust to their less partisan peers. The authors said this suggests we are more willing to discount unwelcome psychological evidence than we are to discount brain-based evidence.

6 These new results add to past findings showing people's bias for neuroscience and other "hard" sciences and against psychology. For instance, medical students think their psychology lectures are "soft and fluffy"; students think psychology is less important than the other natural sciences; children rate psychological questions as easier than chemistry or biology questions; and expert testimony supporting an insanity defence is seen as less convincing when delivered by a psychologist than a psychiatrist.

7 The researchers called for their work to be extended into other contexts, and for the allure of neuroscience to be probed more deeply. "The need for the general public to accurately evaluate the scientific methods used by psychologists is especially relevant to real-world situations," they said, "in which strongly held values, beliefs, or identification with specific groups renders people particularly likely to discount psychological evidence."

wired.com, 2015

Ghana's e-Waste Dump Seeps Poison

By Samantha L. Stewart

1 ON THE OUTSKIRTS of Accra lies the Agbogbloshie slum ─ one of Ghana's largest electronics-waste dumps. Amid black smoke and the stench of burning plastic, a mountain of abandoned motherboards, computer monitors, and hard drives litters the landscape. It is no wonder the locals call it "Sodom and Gomorrah."

2 Behind this apocalyptic scene is the best of intentions gone awry. For decades, Western countries have been donating computers to West Africa with the hope of pushing the developing world into the digital age. Instead, the efforts have backfired, reducing many communities to massive piles of smoldering e-waste.

3 The problem really began with the computers themselves: many were outdated, broken, and unusable. And they arrived in far greater numbers than anyone had originally expected. More than 50 million tons of discarded electronics are produced each year, according to the United Nations Environment Programme. And in Europe, only 25 percent of e- waste gets recycled. So in recent years the need for disposal alternatives has skyrocketed. Unregulated shipping containers, marked "donations," started landing in developing countries, packed with e-waste. What had been an ad hoc development project quickly devolved into a scheme for companies to get around national regulations and cheaply dump dangerous garbage into ill-equipped and extraordinarily poor rural villages.

4 The result? In Agbogbloshie it is a treacherous treasure hunt. Villagers burn the discarded electronics to extract copper and other salable metals. Local manufacturers buy the commodities, offering one of the only steady income streams in town. Unfortunately, the fumes from the burning debris are extremely hazardous: in Agbogbloshie's soil and water, there are high concentrations of lead, mercury, thallium, hydrogen cyanide, and PVC.

5 As if poisons weren't enough, Ghana is also one of the top sources of cybercrime in the world, according to the U.S. State Department. Hard drives containing sensitive personal data end up in the hands of criminals who comb through these dump sites to steal information. So the hazards of technological trash actually flow north as well as south.

Newsweek, 2011

Fighting Puppy Mills

In the article "Why We're Still Fighting Puppy Mills" (May/June), you imply that it is OK to keep livestock caged and mistreated, because they are livestock. By saying "It's legal to treat them like livestock, rather than what they are

• companion animals," you are telling your readers that livestock animals are somehow inferior to pet animals, when in fact every single soul of the billions slaughtered each year could have been a beautiful companion. While I do understand your mission to focus on helping more traditional pets, animals living in abuse every single day in (factory) farms need our voice, too. No need to hurt them more than we already do. Aliona Groh by email

Best Friends Magazine, 2015

Lees bij de volgende tekst eerst de vraag voordat je de tekst zelf raadpleegt.

Customer Property Claim Form

Please accept our sincere apologies for the inconvenience you have been caused by the delay of your checked property. To assist with your claim, please complete and return this form.

While our efforts to locate your property continue, it is of the utmost importance to promptly complete this claim form and return it to us as soon as possible. The most intensive phase of tracing is based on the information provided on this claim form. For domestic carriage, in the event you fail to return the information provided on this claim form within

45 days, no action shall lie against United Airlines. The claim form should be completed in its entirety with a detailed description of each individual item contained within the bag(s), or the items missing from the baggage, including signatures from all persons impacted. If your claim involves more than one bag, please itemize each bag and its contents separately. The accuracy of the information you provide enhances our ability to locate your property through our tracing efforts. Failure to include requested information may affect the processing of your claim.

In addition, please include the following items in addition to this signed form to assist in processing your claim:

• Customer copy of the flight ticket, or ticket receipt
• Original proof of purchase for items valued at $100 USD or higher
• Baggage claim checks
• If applicable, proof that excess value was declared at check in
• For interim expense reimbursement, receipts are required for all items purchased
• European customers, please include bank name and address, account name and ABA/Chips number
• Clear copy of driver's license or other government issued photo ID for each person asserting a claim Important: Please retain copies of all documents you send to us, for your records.

Notice of Baggage Liability Limits

For domestic travel between points within the United States (except for domestic portions of international journeys), United's liability for loss of, damage to, or delay in delivery of a passenger's checked baggage is limited to $3,400 per ticketed passenger, unless a higher value is declared in advance. In accordance with 14 CFR Part 382, the above limit of liability does not apply for loss, damage or delay of wheelchairs or other assistive devices. Excess value may not be declared on certain types of articles. United assumes no liability for high value, fragile, or perishable items carried in connection with domestic travel. For a complete list of excluded items, see the terms in our Contract of Carriage at our website, united.com

For international travel to which the Montreal Convention applies, liability for loss, delay, or damage is limited to $1575 per passenger for baggage, whether checked or unchecked.

For international travel to which the Warsaw Convention applies, liability for loss, delay, or damage to baggage is limited to $20 per kilogram (approximately $9.07 per pound), and $400 per passenger for unchecked baggage.

united.com, 2014

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