Eindexamen Engels havo 2019, tijdvak 1: vragen en antwoorden

The Jet Set We already knew that dogs at Best Friends Animal Sanctuary turn heads, but they've now officially been "discovered". Dog gear company Ruffwear shot their fall catalog with canine models at Best Friends, as part of a new partnership to help more Sanctuary pets go home. The company will also be helping Best Friends dogs find homes through the Ruff Adventure adoption program. Via a Facebook app, Ruffwear customers can learn more about featured dogs and apply to adopt them. All approved adoptions will be paid for ─ including travel fees such as airline costs out of Utah ─ by Ruffwear. Jetsetting dogs will go home sporting stylish Ruffwear collars and leashes, making them the ultimate "spokesdogs".

Best Friends Magazine, 2015

Storm reports

1 SIR ─ The great storm of 2013 was a bit of a damp squib. While I fully appreciate the need for preparation and warning, I can't help wondering how much absenteeism as a result of this widespread panic has cost Britain's businesses and the economy. By 9am yesterday morning, many must have been wondering what all the fuss was about. National broadcasters completely over-dramatised their live reports from locations such as Brighton beach and Lyme Regis. They won't be compensating small businesses for the consequence of having scared away employees. Craig Peters Worthing, West Sussex

2 SIR ─ I don't agree that it was "overkill" to think that extreme care might have been needed for those considering getting to work yesterday. I too well remember the 1987 hurricane, the loss of life and the years it took to right the damage done. So warnings were necessary: these weather systems cannot ever be foreseen exactly. Rica Hare St Leonards on Sea, East Sussex

3 SIR ─ I suppose it was commendable for the train-operating companies to postpone commencing services on a day when severe gales were forecast, in order to avoid stranded trains full of passengers and, worse, accidents. But the problems of fallen trees on the line would have been almost non-existent had Network Rail kept trackside growth in check. Peter Maynard Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire

4 SIR ─ Despite the dire weather warnings, our Telegraph was delivered yesterday at 6.30am, like every other day. Ken Jones Hambledon, Hampshire

Daily Telegraph, 2013

Virtual danger

In the Dec. 1 editorial "Unacceptable Carnage", which rightfully warned against distracting attention from the root cause of the carnage that guns cause in our society, it was disappointing that the Editorial Board let itself be distracted by a gratuitous reference to video games.

The well-worn myth that video games contribute to violence has been discounted by countless studies and even the Supreme Court. The Editorial Board put its finger on the real-world cause of our nation's carnage. It should not have let its eyes wander into the virtual world.

Rich Taylor, Washington The writer is Senior Vice-President of Communications and Industry Affairs for the Entertainment Software Association.

washingtonpost.com, 2015

A dilemma of horns

1 POACHING rhinos is a grisly business. Rather than attract attention with gunfire, many poachers prefer to use a tranquilliser dart to immobilise the rhino and then hack off a chunk of its face to pull out the horn. The beast usually dies of blood loss or suffocation within hours. But the work is lucrative; booming demand in China and Vietnam has pushed the price of rhino horn over $65,000 a kilo in some markets.

2 Last year 1,215 rhinos were poached in South Africa alone, up from 13 in 2007. The best way to turn the tide is to reduce demand, some conservationists reckon. In 2012 WildAid of San Francisco began campaigns to convince Chinese and Vietnamese people that consuming ground rhino horn is a cruel and ineffective way to relieve a hangover, break a fever, or heal disease; in a survey in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in 2013, 37.5% of respondents said that rhino horn can help treat cancer.

3 But since rhino poaching isn't slowing, horn 'unmarketing' must become more aggressive. A cunning approach has been devised by a South African firm, Rhino Rescue Project (RRP). For about $600 per beast, RRP drills two holes into a sedated rhino's horn and pumps in a secret cocktail of toxins into its fibres. Consume powder from that horn and expect a migraine, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, or, after a big serving, permanent twitching due to nerve damage, says RRP's co-founder Lorinda Hern. Signs warn of the dangers of illegal horn. RRP has treated more than 300 rhinos in South Africa since 2010. Since the horn is dead material, the firm says there is no danger to the animal.

4 A private reserve near the northern South African town of Phalaborwa paid RRP to treat about 30 rhinos. "We're trying anything," says one of the owners. Locals were invited to watch so word would spread. Poacher incursions dropped from about two a month to just four in two years, with no losses.

5 An American startup, Pembient, offers a different way. Next year it will begin selling synthetic rhino horn for $7,000 a kilo. This will undercut the market for the real stuff, says CEO Matthew Markus. Others, though, fear that advertising synthetics may boost sales of real horn.

6 Those eager to trash rhino horn's market image face another obstacle. Many South African officials want to see a legal trade in non-poached horn, so that government stockpiles can be sold. It is perhaps telling that the South African government has not hired RRP.

The Economist, 2015

Axis

• the beginning of a story by Alice Munro Fifty years ago, Grace and Avie were waiting at the university gates, in the freezing cold. A bus would come eventually, and take them north,

5 through the dark, thinly populated countryside, to their homes. Forty miles to go for Avie, maybe twice that for Grace. They were carrying large books with solemn titles: "The Medieval

10 World," "Montcalm and Wolfe," "The Jesuit Relations."

This was mostly to establish themselves as serious students, which they were. But once they got home they would probably not have time for such things. They were both farm girls, who knew how to scrub floors and milk

15 cows. Their labor as soon as they entered the house ─ or the barn ─ belonged to their families.

They weren't the sort of girls you usually ran into at this university. There was a large School of Business, whose students were nearly all male, and several sororities1), whose members studied Secretarial Science and

20 General Arts and were there to meet those men. Grace and Avie had not been approached by sororities ─ one look at their winter coats was enough to tell you why ─ but they believed that the men who were not on the lookout for sorority girls were more apt to be intellectuals, and they preferred intellectuals anyway.

25 They were both majoring in history, having won scholarships enabling them to do so. What would they do when they were finished? people asked, and they had to say that they would probably teach high school. They admitted that they would hate that.

They understood ─ everybody understood ─ that having any sort of job

30 after graduation would be a defeat. Like the sorority girls, they were enrolled here to find somebody to marry. First a boyfriend, then a husband. It wasn't spoken of in those terms, but there you were. Girl students on scholarships were not usually thought to stand much of a chance, since brains and looks were not believed to go together.

35 Fortunately, Grace and Avie were both attractive. Grace was fair and stately, Avie red-haired, less voluptuous, lively, and challenging. Male members of both their families had joked that they ought to be able to nab somebody.

By the time the bus came, they were nearly frozen. They worked their way

40 to the back, so they could smoke what would be their last cigarettes until after the weekend. Their parents would not be suspicious if they smelled it on them. The smell of cigarettes was everywhere in those days.

newyorker.com, 2011

noot 1 sororities = studentenverenigingen voor meisjes/vrouwen

Could One Word Unite The World? adapted from a blog by Alva Noë

1 The word for milk in German is "Milch." In French it is "lait." Two quite different words for one thing. This is the basic observation that supports the linguistic principle that the relation between words and their meanings is 12 . You can't read the meaning off the word. And what a word means doesn't determine or shape the word itself.

2 And that’s why you don't find the same words in every language. Sameness of word implies a shared history. No shared history, no shared words. English and German share the word for milk (German "Milch"), but that's because German and English share a common history.

3 It would be 13 if there was a word that was actually native to all languages. Yet this is precisely the claim made in a fascinating article by Mark Dingemanse and his colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen, Holland, published this past Friday in PloS One.

4 "Huh?" ─ as in, huh? what did you say? ─ it is claimed, is a universal word. It occurs in every language, though not in exactly the same form. Think "Milch" and "milk." A certain amount of variation is consistent with word identity. How "huh?" gets said varies from language to language. And this turns out to be crucial, for it rules out a natural objection to the claim of universality. "Huh?" is universal, it might be said, because it isn't a word! It isn't the sort of sound that needs to be learned. You don't need to learn to sneeze, or grunt. You don't need to learn to jump when you are startled. "Huh?" must be like this. But it turns out that you do need to learn to use "huh?" in just the ways we need to learn the word for milk and ask questions. "Huh?" is not only universal, like sneezing, it is a word, like "milk."

5 This brings us to the central puzzle the authors face: given that you need to learn words, and that meanings don't fix the sound, shape or character of the words we use to express them, and given that linguistic cultures are diverse and unrelated, how could there be universal words? The authors' proposal is startling. Their basic claim is that this is an example of what in

biology is called convergent evolution; sometimes lineages that are unrelated evolve the same traits as adaptations to the same environmental conditions.

6 According to the authors, this is what's going on here. It turns out that every language needs a way for a listener to signal to the speaker that the message has not been received. Why? Because where there is communication there is liable to be miscommunication. Just as missing balls comes with playing catching, so not hearing, or not understanding what you hear, not getting it, goes with speech. Where there is a speech you need a way to say: "Huh?"

7 Their bold claim is that only interjections that sound roughly like "huh?" can do this. "Huh?" is so optimal ─ it's short, easy to produce, easy to hear, capable of carrying a questioning tone, and so on ─ that every human language has stumbled upon it as a solution.

8 Is sounding the same and doing the same communicative job enough to make these all instances of the same word? Hmm.

npr.org, 2013

Hollywood whitewashing

adapted from an article by Yo Zushi

1 It took Steven Spielberg eight years to get Ghost in the Shell into production. His film company, DreamWorks, acquired the rights to adapt the cult Japanese science-fiction comic for a Western audience in 2008. Such a project is always a gamble, but Scarlett Johansson's casting in the lead role ─ as Major Kusanagi, a hacker-hunting cyborg ─ was a coup, and financial backers were lured by her star power. The moneymen were happy.

2 Online campaigners, however, were not. By the time the first image of Johansson as the Major was released last month, they were demanding: "Stop whitewashing Asian characters!" A petition under that slogan has attracted more than 101,000 signatures. "DreamWorks should be using this film to help provide opportunities for Asian-American actors," they said. The comic-book writer Jon Tsuei tweeted that Ghost in the Shell was an "inherently Japanese story", and that the choice of actors represented "the erasure of Asian faces".

3 Hollywood has a problem with representation ─ as the "all-white" Oscars of 2016 demonstrated ─ and anger over whitewashing is grounded in the obvious scarcity of prominent minority figures in the film industry. When characters written as Egyptian (as in Alex Proyas's Gods of Egypt), Native American (Joe Wright's Pan) or part-Chinese and Hawaiian (Cameron Crowe's Aloha) are played by the conspicuously white Rufus Sewell, Rooney Mara and Emma Stone, respectively, it's no wonder that minority activists get angry. The kind of race-blindness that Johansson's casting as Kusanagi represents, however, feels benign to me ─ even progressive.

4 It's worth thinking back to a similar uproar in 2013, when Benedict Cumberbatch played Khan Noonien Singh in Star Trek Into Darkness. At the time, Christian Blauvelt of hollywood.com, for instance, complained that the character had been "whitewashed into oblivion". Khan was a Sikh from northern India and the film-makers, he argued, should have chosen "an Indian actor" for the role. But these critics overlooked the fact that Khan was a villain, and his villainy had been needlessly racialised in earlier appearances. In the 1967 Star Trek episode Space Seed and in the 1982 film Star Trek II: the Wrath of Khan, he was played by the

Mexican actor Ricardo Montalbán. Khan's heritage went unmentioned until later spin-off novels expanded his biography, yet his name and the use of an ethnic-minority actor to portray him seemed intended to present him as an untrustworthy, foreign "other".

5 The portrayal of non-white characters by Cumberbatch and Johansson, in its small way, 21 a culture that assumes that the colour of your skin determines who you are. Major Kusanagi is the heroine of Ghost in the Shell, not its villain, and her embodiment by Johansson will have different implications from Cumberbatch's Khan. But the casting of whites as Asians serves as a reminder that much of what we understand as race is ultimately just performance, make-believe, a put-on.

6 Actress Constance Wu said that DreamWorks' attempts to counter claims of racially dubious casting by using digital effects to alter the shade of actors in Ghost in the Shell reduced "our race and ethnicity to mere physical appearance, when our race and culture are so much deeper than how we look". I agree: it was misguided. As the Stoic philosopher Epictetus said, "The true self . . . is not flesh or bones or sinews but the faculty which uses them."

7 Yet if our racial identity is not entirely determined by our bodies ─ if our essence is "deeper than how we look" ─ surely the authentic elements of our being can be brought to life by actors with "flesh" that is superficially different from our own. All acting is pretending. None of it is real: so why should an actor's race have to be?

8 The campaigners' plea for more diversity in Hollywood is valid but their insistence on minorities having exclusive rights over representing those whom they view as "their people" risks 23 colour lines. We will remain "people of colour" ─ a dubious term that means the same thing as "coloured people" ─ as long as race is fetishised as the core component of who we are. We should fight those who use stereotypes to define us by our race, not those who behave as if race weren't all that mattered.

newstatesman.com, 2016

Fickle feline friends forever adapted from an article by Rowan Pelling

1 "Faithless trollop!", yelled my husband from the window. I would have flushed red, if his gaze weren't fixed grimly on the next-door garden. I immediately knew exactly what scandalous scene was unfolding there. Our golden-red Maine Coon cat, Aubrey, had clearly been caught sidling out of our elderly neighbour's house.

2 There, doubtless, she had been employing her gamut of gullible human seduction techniques: rubbing her silky-soft fur against Gladys's naked calves, fixing her amber eyes in wide, hypnotic stare and purring at a frequency guaranteed to activate dopamine and other feel-good chemicals in the brain. A routine that's inevitably rewarded with slices of chicken or ham (too rich for a cat fed mostly on dried food) that are then regurgitated all over our quilt. Such are the reliable joys of cat ownership.

3 So this week's announcement that cats are more autonomous than dogs and don't suffer separation anxiety when parted from their owners seems to spring straight from the School of the Bleedin' Obvious ─ although the study actually came courtesy of the school of Veterinary Behavioural Medicine at the University of Lincoln.

4 Every cat lover knows that you don't own cats so much as enable them. True, you might lay down some cash for your feline friend, but you'd be wise to think of it as a transfer fee ─ or a deposit on their future 27 : you provide an abode and they graciously accept to share some of it with you (though woe betide the human who thinks they have first claim on the chairs or beds), until they find somewhere more comfortable down the street.

5 Eight cats have passed through our house in 20 years of marriage and they've all been studies in treachery. Our first Maine Coon, Wavell, wandered for miles whenever an east wind blew, his thick red tail held aloft like a pennant. People would phone us from all corners of Cambridge, saying they'd found our cat plaintively mewing at their front door. His cousin Minerva cared for no one, slept outside and stalked the street's back gardens like a vicious wraith, seeking winged things to murder.

6 I can only conclude we cat-owners actively thrive on regular doses of rejection ─ rather like those ardent Romeos who redouble their amorous efforts when treated cruelly. We are pathetically grateful that they choose

to spend any time with us when they could naff off entirely. The freedom cats symbolise is a freedom we envy: a little loosening of the ties that bind. Why live in one house, when you could live in 10? Why eat one dinner when you could have a dozen?

7 Dogs, by contrast, are so containable. Pen a hound in your garden and you become aware of how easily your own movements can be curtailed, how limited life can be. But when your cat wanders, it reminds you of the endless adventures that await those who travel.

Daily Telegraph, 2015

Time 100 List of Most Influential People in the World RE "The 100 Most Influential People in the World" [May 5-12]: I must confess that this volume has been among the most refreshing I have read of late. Selecting the 100 most influential people could never have been easy. Choices are based on arguable and sometimes challenging principles. But this particular volume was scholarly preceded by Nancy Gibbs's editorial, which shielded your team from possible allegations of questionable biases and nuances. TIME has evolved very well in deciding what criteria to use for selecting the world's most influential people. Bravo! Akpovire Oduaran, MMabatho, South Africa

I enjoyed your issue a lot but have to express my confusion about the picture on the cover. While TIME is promoting women's rights and their continuously evolving role in society quite authentically throughout the issue, I am wondering whether there is some deeper sense of irony that I am failing to grasp behind portraying Beyoncé half- naked, in almost Playboy-style posture. Maximilian Barghoorn, Hamburg

Undoubtedly there are many on your list who are major influences for good or bad on the global stage, but there are too many whose influence is restricted to within the U.S.; I fail to see how American football player Richard Sherman is a "world influencer." In the future, you should differentiate between U.S. and global influencers. The list does nothing for TIME's global standing. Warwick Woodhouse, London

Including Thuli Madonsela on your excellent list is nothing short of a vote of confidence in the future of South Africa. Her sterling work as the public protector deserves admiration and gratitude of all right-minded people, among whom unfortunately the country's President Jacob Zuma and his little band of sycophants and oligarchs are not included. Mariano Castrillón, Johannesburg

adapted from TIME, 2014

Panda Poop Power

1 GIANT PANDAS are well known for being rather different from other bears. Having a diet composed almost entirely of bamboo is one of the things that sets them apart. It is also what attracted the interest of Ashli Brown of Mississippi State University, in a search for more efficient ways to make biofuel.

2 Most of the nutrients found in bamboo are locked away in tough substances known as cellulose and lignin. Liberating those nutrients is an energy-intensive process that involves high temperatures and extreme pressures. 32 , it is the cost of doing so that makes producing biofuel out of cellulose- and lignin-rich materials, like discarded corn (maize) cobs and husks, less financially viable than generating biofuel directly from more readily digestible corn kernels. The kernels, however, can be used to feed people whereas the cobs and husks cannot. So a process that is able efficiently to turn what is 33 product into fuel could have great potential.

3 Given their 34 , Dr Brown knew that giant pandas had to have microbes in their gut that were strong enough to break cellulose and lignin down. If it was possible to identify those microbes and find the enzymes within them they might be used to improve biofuel production. So, Dr Brown and her colleagues got to work analysing piles of panda faeces to find the microbes that are particularly adept at breaking down the bamboo material.

4 The team identified 17 microbes with the ability to digest cellulose and six that looked like good candidates for digesting lignin. These microbes were then tested in the laboratory and they were found to be capable of transforming 65.4% of the tough materials they were given into the sorts of energy-rich sugars that are readily fermented into bioethanol or biodiesel. Considering that most cellulose- and lignin-based materials end up as compost, or worse, in landfills, the ability to convert such a large percentage of them into potential biofuel products is 35 . Dr Brown, though, is quick to point out that optimising the performance of the enzymes employed by the microbes so that they can be used commercially is going to be a long and hard job. But still a job that could be well worth the effort.

adapted from an article from The Economist, 2013

Alto's Adventure The video game Alto's Adventure has a simple premise: Speed down a mountain on your snowboard, pull some tricks, collect some coins, capture a llama or two while you're at it. Maybe you'll crash into a rock or miss a landing, but no problem; you'll start over again at the top of the never- ending slope. 36-1 And yet, I find myself coming back again and again.

Developers Ryan Cash and Jordan Rosenberg are the guys behind Alto's Adventure. As Alto, your shepherd/avatar, shreds the mountain in hot pursuit of his escaping llamas, he navigates a surreal alpine landscape designed by artist Harry Nesbitt. His main task was to try and create a larger, living, breathing environment with its own history and culture for Alto to inhabit. 36-2

As you pass through randomly generated levels, your surroundings change. One minute it is raining, the next you're enveloped in a warm, orange haze. Rainbows will appear, lightning will strike and if you're watching closely, you might spot a shooting star streaking across the night sky or fireflies glittering in the dark. The details in Alto's Adventure ─ the plumes of snow after you hit the ground, the creaking of the windmills ─ are extraordinary. They make you want to ditch your board, strap on some snow shoes and wander around the magical and aesthetically pleasing land Nesbitt built. 36-3

adapted from an article from wired.com, 2015

LETTERS

The genius of landscape architect Capability Brown

Sir, Regarding Robin Lane Fox's column "A Capability for genius" (House & Home, October 29): I was startled and appalled to read that Capability Brown "was son of a land agent1) and a chambermaid in Kirkharle… His mother had six children of which Capability was the fifth but I continue to wonder if the local squire2) may have fathered him, such was Brown's later talent for art, business and organisation." Professor Lane Fox manages to insult everyone: Brown, his mother, his father and the local squire, who was not perhaps in the habit of getting chambermaids with child. Surely the idea that talent is limited to the wealthy has been sufficiently discredited by now that it should not appear in the august Financial Times. Margaret McGarrahan Berkeley, CA, US

Sir, When he suggests the local squire as a more appropriate father for Capability Brown (House & Home, October 29), Robin Lane Fox may be confusing the science behind human achievement with dog or horse breeding. Many 18th century-born artists, scientists and entrepeneurs came from humble origins, for instance Samuel Johnson, William Blake, Michael Faraday, Richard Arkwright and Thomas Chippendale. Alternatively this 18th century gardening genius may have inherited his talents from his mother. Dr Louise Condon Associate Professor, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, UK

Financial Times, 2016

noot 1 land agent = opzichter noot 2 squire = landjonker / grootgrondbezitter

Lees bij de volgende tekst steeds eerst de vraag voordat je de tekst zelf raadpleegt.

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