Eindexamen Engels vmbo-gl/tl 2021, tijdvak 3: vragen en antwoorden

BEHAVIOUR

It takes one to know one

If your partner was late for dinner and blamed a delayed train, could you tell if they were not telling the truth? Chances are, you couldn’t

• it’s been found that most of us are pretty bad at spotting a liar. So what makes someone a good lie-detector? It’s not down to IQ or emotional intelligence (research has found that people high in the latter think they are better at spotting fibs/untruths than they really are). No, it’s about being a good liar yourself. Researchers gave people 20 seconds to give their real opinion or a false one to a group of strangers. People whose lies were harder to spot were often better at detecting others’ lies.

Psychologies Magazine, 2012

Fowl play

1 A man who saw a heron pluck a duckling from the water in front of him and swallow it whole, decided to intervene and save the life of the duckling, by killing the heron and pulling the baby bird, still alive, from its stomach.

2 Witnesses called the police and the man was questioned by officers but released with a caution. The decision not to prosecute the heron killer has caused anger among some animal conservationists. All wild birds are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, with fines or prison sentences for anyone killing or attempting to kill one. So they questioned why the police had allowed the man to escape with just a caution.

3 The rural crime unit spokesperson tweeted: “These decisions are never taken lightly and a number of factors are addressed. This was a vulnerable elderly man, who confessed voluntarily to the action with no previous convictions.”

4 This answer did not hold water with some. Lee Dingain, active member of a charity supporting shorebird conservation, said: “Utterly ridiculous! The man was not too elderly to kill a protected bird. The heron is the vulnerable one. Decisions like this make clear wildlife crime 3 .”

The Times, 2018

No party for the ‘naughty’

By Richard Marsden

1 A SCHOOL has kept ‘naughty’ children indoors while other pupils kicked off celebrations outside at the end-of-term party. Arden Primary School separated Year 6 pupils and let ‘good’ students enjoy ice cream and inflatable toys in the sunshine, but the rest were forced to sit and watch for the first few hours.

2 …

3 …

4 …

Daily Mail, 2018

Capture the moment

5 Now, instead of having to strain to remember an event, we can scroll through our phones and find images to refresh our memories. People have always relied on memory aids. A memento, such as a souvenir from a holiday, doesn’t replace our memory, but enhances it, just like a photo. Besides, photographs are better than memories. Over time, our memories change and fade. Nowadays, with our mobile phones, we can take pictures at every opportunity.

The Week Junior, 2017

Paichit

• a Sumatran baby elephant

1 Pushing on 400 kilograms, baby Paichit knows when it’s feeding time. He lets out an appreciative bellow, a rumbling baby elephant purr from his patch in the Sumatran jungle, as soon as his mahout (keeper) Julkarnaini approaches bucket in hand. “He’s getting much healthier,” observes Julkarnaini. When he was discovered, Paichit was so malnourished that the shape of his ribs was visible from beneath his sagging skin.

2 Paichit is one of a tiny subspecies of the Asian elephant, the Sumatran elephant, which has declined by a devastating 80% in 25 years. At best, there are only 2,800 left. In 2012 the classification of Sumatran elephants was changed from “endangered” to “critically endangered” and the WWF estimates they are not likely to survive in the long term.

3 The number one problem is habitat loss as a result of deforestation. The island’s elephants end up tramping through villages and plantations, eating the spiky oil palm fruit, unwittingly guzzling up the local community income and causing chaos and destruction. They have lost nearly 70% of their habitat in one generation. Over the past two decades Sumatra’s rich rainforests have been decimated to make way for timber and palm oil plantations, and the natural habitat of native species such as Sumatran elephants, tigers and rhinos has been gutted.

4 The Indonesians are focusing on ways of dealing with the problem of human-elephant conflicts in Sumatra. In Aceh an elephant conservation response unit (CRU) has been running for several years, where captive

elephants are trained to memorise a series of commands and then employed in the field to chase wild elephants deep into the forest, and out of harm’s way. Across Aceh there are seven CRUs and 34 elephant “rangers”.

5 Could Paichit become an elephant ranger in the long-term? At the moment releasing him back into the wild would be too risky. In the last five years two other baby elephants rescued and treated at the CRU centre failed to make it. Paichit has grown healthier and calmer under Julkarnaini’s watchful care, but the centre needs to provide opportunities for him to socialise. Elephants are deeply social creatures, and their emotional well-being is just as important as it is to humans.

theguardian.com, 2017

The science behind superheroes’ powers adapted from an article by Dick Ahlstrom

1 Spider-Man flies across the city on his spider silk, one of a number of special powers acquired after the bite of a radioactive arachnid. Tony Stark has no superhuman powers, but when he dons his Iron Man suit, advanced technology enables him to perform like a superhero. These and many other superheroes make for great entertainment, 12 .

2 Dr Barry Fitzgerald uses these comic-book characters and the films they inspire to provide a powerful method for teaching complex science. His book, Secrets of Superhero Science, demonstrates the science behind their superpowers, but also highlights when the reality of science cannot keep up with the cinematic powers of computer-generated imagery (CGI).

3 Fitzgerald is based at Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands, where he is a postdoctoral researcher in the department of chemical engineering and chemistry. “I am a huge fan of superheroes, always have been. I saw my first Superman film in 1978 and once I saw that, that was it.” Science and science-fiction first merged for him when he started to run a science learning centre for undergraduates at the University of Limerick and realised the educational potential of superheroes.

4 He began giving talks at universities and, in January 2015, gave 25 talks for secondary school students in one week. “I had one slide on the character Hawkeye and got so much enthusiasm about him I wrote a full chapter about Hawkeye,” he says.

5 Hawkeye, a Marvel character, has no superhuman powers, but he does have exceptional eyesight, far better than normal vision and akin to what a hawk would see. This in turn allowed Fitzgerald to talk about the structure of the eye and photo receptor cells and the science behind Hawkeye’s vision. “It boils down to him having more photo receptor cells than we do,” says Fitzgerald. “He could have as many as a hawk, allowing him to see a rabbit during the day from 2km away.” He also talks about a company developing bionic lenses that could bring our vision up to better than 20-20.

6 Iron Man, another popular character he discusses, wears a metal suit that includes a propulsion system. So he can fly, but this makes the suit very, very hot. “The only way I can see him dealing with that is the introduction of materials that convert waste thermal energy into electrical energy,” Fitzgerald says. “These materials do exist and are being used in car exhaust systems to convert heat to energy, which can be used to power on-board computer control systems.”

7 As far as Spider-Man’s powers go, scientists are now working to use spider silk

• one of the toughest substances on the planet
• to create bullet-proof technologies and lightweight but strong parachutes.

8 There are bound to be scientists who 15 Fitzgerald’s approach, which takes fictional science and treats it as real, but no one has challenged him on it yet. “The primary aim is to encourage students to take up a career in science,” he says. “All the science in the book is completely accurate. It may kick-start an interest in a career choice they had not considered. If I convince one person to do science, I have already won.”

The Irish Times, 2016

Muslim model Halima Aden

1 When Halima Aden was six, a western woman visited Kakuma, the United Nations refugee camp in Kenya in which she had been born. “Just by being there, she made my people light up,” says Aden. “She was asking them questions, finding out what they needed, making them feel like they hadn’t been forgotten. Seeing the effect that she had changed something in me; it made me want to make some sort of a difference with my life. To have that sort of effect.” Today, the 20-year-old model

• a naturalised American since the family made the move to Minnesota when she was seven years old
• is making history.

2 November 2016 she entered the Miss Minnesota USA beauty pageant. Although she did not win, she went on to become the first hijab-wearing model to be signed to the model agency IMG. She has shot covers for several magazines (Vogue Arabia, Grazia and Allure among them), fronted campaigns for brands such as Nike and American Eagle and walked catwalks. “I have an opportunity, through my modelling, to change the way that Muslim women are viewed, to give them a platform to have their voices heard,” she says. Still, Aden insists that when she decided to enter the Miss Minnesota USA pageant it was not for political reasons. The appeal was twofold: girls placed in pageants can get scholarships for their college education and the winner usually goes on to forge relationships with charitable organisations.

3 Aden’s presence at the shows has already had a subtle influence on the culture and attitudes that attend the job of modelling itself. Her faith dictates unique requirements including a cordoned-off dressing room, a chaperone accompaniment at all times and female-only hair and make-up stylists. In a business where models are expected to change in full view of scores of strangers, she’s hopeful that her needs might indirectly bring about a shift in attitude, helping brands to see all models as individuals.

4 Her faith, and the way that she chooses to dress to express her beliefs, have always been secondary to who she is. “I’ve never let my life be ruled by segregation,” she says. “Jocks, Muslims, swimmers, dancers, they’re all the same to me,” says the girl who had never experienced discrimination before she came to America. “In the camp, there were no cliques. Race didn’t matter, gender didn’t matter, religion didn’t matter. When life is stripped back to its barest essentials, everyone is one and the same.”

5 A hard worker from the age of 16 (she worked as a hospital aide to support her studies), Aden is ambitious to make her mark on the world. Working as a Muslim model in the industry has given her a fascinating perspective on the physical scrutiny most other models are put under. “I am a hijab-wearing model so I don’t have to worry about ‘You’re too skinny’, ‘You’re too fat’, ‘Look at her hips’, ‘Look at her thigh gap’. And everyone I work with falls over themselves to accommodate my specific needs. I mean, what other young model gets to have someone with them at all times, looking after their interests?”

FT Weekend, 2017

Kennel Club may welcome puggles and labradoodles

1 The Kennel Club

• founded in 1873 as the governing body for all canine activities, including breeding and shows
• is considering setting up a register of designer dogs to go alongside its one of purebreds. It says this would provide it with a way of regulating the health and sale of crossbreeds, while allowing it to respond to the changing tastes of dog owners. But the proposals have been met with anger from Kennel Club members who fear it will serve to encourage unscrupulous breeders to charge exorbitant prices for non-pedigree dogs.

2 Gerald King, of the Kennel Club’s general committee, said: “If the Kennel Club is to represent all dogs and have credibility with the Government and the wider public, it must consider the cultural shift and large increase in crossbred dogs over the last few years.” Recognising crossbreeds would allow the Kennel Club to provide detailed information about the ancestry and health test results of the animals, as it currently does for pedigrees.

3 Some cross breeding is done to help eradicate problem characteristics and health defects, such as hair shedding or joint and bone disorders.

25 , it can also introduce new problems into the resulting breed. The behaviour of crossbreeds can be harder to predict and they can carry inborn defects if both parents are carriers of one or more of the same genetic problems.

4 Opponents of the idea say the Kennel Club should be encouraging the public to buy purebreds, rather than spend money on dogs whose health and characteristics are less easily controlled. Jean Lanning, a former breeder and leading dog show judge, said: “A register of crossbreeds will only encourage unscrupulous breeders to charge even greater sums than they do already on the basis that what they are selling is a designer dog. The Kennel Club should really be going out to reassure the public that the best thing to do is buy a purebred which has had all the health checks, instead of a crossbreed which is unlikely to have undergone such rigorous testing.”

5 Other Kennel Club members have criticised plans for a crossbreeds register. Sharon Robson, a breeder of long-coat Chihuahuas, from Newcastle upon Tyne, said: “It makes a mockery of everything most reputable pedigree breeders try to do.”

6 The Kennel Club said it is considering the register precisely to tackle some of the problems raised by its members. Caroline Kisko, Kennel Club Secretary, said: “Our primary concern is to ensure that all dogs live healthy, happy lives, and if the Kennel Club, as a not-for-profit organisation, registers crossbreeds we can help to encourage responsible breeding.”

The Sunday Telegraph, 2015

Travelling with a powerless passport adapted from an article by Aileen Adalid

1 As a Philippine citizen I can only visit a few countries visa-free, and I was brought up to believe that world travel is a luxury meant only for the privileged, the rich or the retired. Yet, in my early 20s, I’ve visited more than 15 countries in two years, all while building a profitable and stable online business that funds my lifestyle and enables me to work less than three hours a day.

2 When I was 21 years old, and working for a big investment bank, earning very little money as a new graduate, I met three strangers who asked for directions to their hostel. We started chatting, and ended up talking for the rest of the night. They were full of travel stories, and I was captivated by the way their eyes lit up as they talked about their adventures. They had an excitement for life and a confident aura that I hadn’t previously encountered

• they seemed to believe everything was possible.

3 That same year, I quit my job to travel the world. I had little to no money, definitely not enough to travel through wealthy European countries or in the US. On top of that, I had to convince my family and friends that I was not out of my mind; I’d been brought up to believe that a corporate life was the only way to secure a future. I also knew that getting visas would be a challenge. But I wanted to prove to others and to myself that our life circumstances should never hinder us from going after our dreams.

4 With meagre funds, I knew that I had to make smart decisions right from the start, so I spent two months doing groundwork before handing in my resignation. I brushed up on my knowledge of graphic design, web development and online marketing. Once I was confident about my knowledge, I searched for clients on freelancing platforms to set up my own business. I managed to ensure a steady cash flow for the first year. Passion can push us to do amazing things, but without the right skill set, it can prove futile.

5 Worried about my Philippine passport, I started off by visiting visa-free destinations. Thailand and Hong Kong were my favourites, due to their dynamic culture. I kept records of my recent earnings, savings and tax documents to prove financial independency. And I used proof of my

previous and future travels to establish that I wouldn’t be at risk to overstay in the country.

6 After 12 months, I launched my travel blog, iAmAileen.com, to share my adventures and to garner opportunities through partnerships with tourism boards and travel brands. Next, I started work on a budding online business idea, Adalid Gear, selling outdoor and travel products online. The online realm made me a citizen of the world instead of a girl from the Philippines. By freelancing online, I was able to compete with my global peers and so I managed 31 , which gave quite a boost to my income. And by building my business online, I was able to expand rapidly in a short amount of time.

7 Today, I am no longer working for anyone else, and the way I see it, I have truly secured my future. I have built my own dream, regardless of the obstacles!

bbc.com, 2015

They fought the law, and love won

Adapted from a movie review by Manohla Dargis

1 There are few movies that speak to America as movingly

• and with as much idealism
• as Jeff Nichols’s Loving, which revisits the period when blacks and whites were so profoundly segregated in this country that they couldn’t always wed. It’s a fictionalization of the story of Mildred and Richard Loving, a married couple who were arrested in 1958 because he was white, she was not.

2 The movie opens in the late 1950s, when Mildred and Richard are young, in love and unmarried. If their story didn’t open when and where it does, there would be nothing remarkable about Mildred and Richard. But this is Virginia, a state that banned interracial unions, partly to prevent what it called “spurious issue,” or what most people just call children. So when Mildred and Richard decide to marry, they exchange vows in a neighboring state. Not long after, the local sheriff and his deputies

• prowling like thieves
• enter the couple’s home in the middle of the night and arrest them for breaking the state’s marriage law.

3 Mr Nichols captures the era persuasively. He wraps Mildred and Richard in a deep-country quiet. There’s beauty in this silence, as when Mildred closes her eyes as the wind stirs the trees. There’s also fear, because while Richard’s stillness may be a matter of temperament, his darting, haunted eyes also suggest defeat. The movie about the couple’s decade-long legal fight to live in their home state as husband and wife is wrenchingly personal and moving.

4 Movies get a lot of mileage from the fantasy that we are the heroes of our own stories. Life’s regular hum

• the effort and joy of making homes, having children and nourishing love
• tends to be drowned out by speeches and dramas in which characters rob banks to get out of debt instead of struggling or despairing. It’s why the insistent quiet of Loving can feel so startling. It plucks two figures from history and imagines them as they once were, when they were people instead of monuments to American exceptionalism. It was, the movie insists, the absolute ordinariness of their love that defined them, and that made the fight for it into an epic story of this country.

The New York Times, 2016

Spanish teenagers face jail time over cheating

Two young men in Almeria in southern Spain were caught attempting to cheat an entrance exam for vocational studies when one showed up to take the test pretending to be the other, Europa Press reported. The boys have been accused of committing the crime of falsifying public documents. The prosecution is seeking a sentence of one year in prison for each as well as a fine of €6 to be paid each day for 12 months. One of the students’ defense attorney argued that the proposed sentence is 39 , saying that the exam should not be considered as an official document. “They have not harmed anyone and even though this conduct was reproachable, it does not create social alarm enough to have them sent to prison,” attorney José Carlos Segura said. “That this case is going to trial is already unreasonable and I believe it could be solved with an administrative fine or an educational sanction,” he added. “This kind of punishment threatens them with a loss of liberty and records them as criminals.”

Sol Times, 2016

What a sweet idea…

1 Hurrah! We always knew chocolate was good for us

• all those antioxidants and flavonols and dopamine and all that. Now Nestlé is promising to make it even healthier, by modifying sugar to trick the taste buds into thinking it’s sweeter, so that less is needed. However, before you tear into the boxes with selected chocolates, hold your horses. Is the problem with chocolate the sugar content or the quantities in which we’re consuming it?

2 Extra-large bars, “share” bags, and “family-sized” portions are all the norm now. Despite my attempts to nibble with restraint at a couple of squares of dark chocolate for my evening treat like all the healthy ‘it girls’ tell you to, when it comes down to it, I like my chocolate cheap, milky, sugary and in large quantities. So the thoughts of that being a bit healthier is music to my ears. But I know my gluttonous ways too well

• a “healthy” or “reduced sugar” label will only give me the incentive to eat twice as much.

3 41 , if our sweet treats (and here’s hoping also soft drinks and breakfast cereals) can be a bit healthier, then I’m all for it. Maybe we actually can have our cake and eat it.

inews.co.uk, 2017

Ladies of the road

More than 100 women riders, on every kind of two-wheeler from a 150cc scooter to huge 1800cc custom bikes, turned out yesterday in Cape Town, South Africa, for International Female Ride Day, the world’s biggest ladies-only motorcycling event. Started in Canada in 2007, it’s now celebrated in more than

70 venues in 23 countries. It’s neither a contest nor a fund-raiser, simply a reason for female bikers to get out there on the road and make some noise, promote the diversity of bikes and women riders. Some of the riders were newbies who’d never ridden in a large group before, while others had attended every one of the International Female Ride Days held so far. But all out there were celebrating their kinship with the thousands of women riders all around the world who were out on the roads yesterday, living the International Female Ride Day slogan, “Just Ride!”

Sunday Argus, 2017

Wolfgang’s favourite restaurants

The celebrated chef Wolfgang Puck shares his selection of the best restaurants in Los Angeles.

Matsuhisa One of my favourite places in Los Angeles is Matsuhisa. It’s been open for 27 years and I like it because it’s like wearing a warm sweater. It’s always good, it’s always nice, it’s always comfortable. It’s not fancy-looking, but the people are friendly and the fish is as fresh as could be. 129 N La Cienaga Boulevard, Beverly Hills

Maude Chef Curtis Stone found TV fame in his native Australia before arriving in the US. Named after his grandma, this tiny 25-seat restaurant builds its nine-course tasting menu around one key ingredient, which changes every month. In March it was fennel, in May almonds

• the result is always amazing, spectacular and impressive.

212 S Beverly Drive, Los Angeles

The Fountain Room Tucked away in the basement of the Beverly Hills Hotel is this classic diner with its marble topped bar and just 19 seats. We like to take the kids here for a burger.

9641 Sunset Boulevard, Beverly Hills

Ray’s & Stark I love to hang out at the Los Angeles County Museum at the weekends and this bar is a surprisingly good place to go after for a quick bite. It offers a decent med-inspired menu and views over the Renzo Piano’s Resnick Exhibition Pavillion.

5905 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles

Gjelina I urge any visitor to drop by Venice Beach. It’s a fun place to hang out, with muscle beach and the boardwalk, and all the cafes. Gjelina is great for simple grilled food. Abbot Kinney Boulevard, Venice Beach

The Times, 2015

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