Eindexamen Engels vmbo-gl/tl 2026, tijdvak 1: vragen en antwoorden

Transport for London (TfL) is offering auditions to perform at official busking spots across the network for the first time since 2017. More than 200 buskers, also known as street performers, are currently licensed to play, with TfL estimating a potential audience of 3.5 million people every day. Applications close on 22 December with auditions set to take place in the new year. Shortlisted musicians will be asked to perform to a panel of judges in a busy station environment. They will be marked on technical ability and audience response. As part of the expansion of the scheme, TfL is also opening new licensed pitches along the Elizabeth line. Two were opened recently at Bond Street station. TfL estimates that around 4.3 million journeys take place each week across the Elizabeth line.

bbc.com, 2023

`auditions to perform at official busking spots' (eerste zin)

By Charlotte Edwards

1 A new type of superglue has been invented by scientists who were inspired by sticky snail mucus. The researchers have demonstrated how the super strong product can hold the weight of an average male with only two postage stamp-sized squares of the substance. The new glue has overcome problems that have stumped scientists for decades as glue has either been weak and reversible or strong and irreversible for such a long time that a substance being strong and reversible seemed almost impossible.

2 Scientists at the University of Pennsylvania realised that mollusc creatures like snails seem to have the answer as they can securely attach themselves to surfaces even in the harshest conditions and then release themselves when they need to move. Snails can change the mucus that they naturally produce from a solid to a liquid very quickly and that's why they are the perfect example.

3 The snail-inspired superglue was created from a hydrogel that contains a lot of liquid water, which has a runny wet state and a solid dry state. To soften the new superglue all you need to do is add water so that it becomes hydrated again. The researchers have even demonstrated how the glue can be applied and then gently removed from butterfly wings without harming any wing tissue. The substance dries naturally in the air and will dry quicker if it's heated. Unfortunately, the nature of the glue means it can only be used in dry environments but the scientists are now looking for new strong substances that can be softened without water but with things like electrical pulses or specific chemicals.

4 Reversible superglue would make life much easier for people prone to DIY mistakes and for medical staff who have to get people out of sticky superglue situations on a regular basis.

thesun.co.uk, 2019

`Snail-inspired superglue' (title)

1 Ahh.... Fish, chips and mushy peas! There is no dish more popular in our country than fish and chips. Freshly cooked, piping hot fish and chips, smothered in salt and soused with vinegar, wrapped in newspaper and eaten out-of-doors on a cold and wintry day – it simply cannot be beaten! So how, when and where did this quintessentially British dish come about?

2 The potato is thought to have been brought to England from the New World in the 17th century by Sir Walter Raleigh, although it is believed that the French invented the fried potato chip. The populace soon decided that putting fried fish and chips together was a very tasty combination and so the dish of fish and chips was born!

3 Through the latter part of the 19th century and well into the 20th century, the fish and chip trade expanded greatly to satisfy the needs of the growing industrial population of Great Britain. [...8...], you might say that the Industrial Revolution was fuelled partly by fish and chips! The development of the steam powered trawler brought fish from all over the North Atlantic, Iceland and Greenland and the steam railways allowed easy and fast distribution of the fish around the country.

4 So are fish and chips any good for us? Fish and chips are a valuable source of protein, fibre, iron and vitamins, providing a third of the recommended daily allowance of vitamins for men and nearly half for women. The famous English food scientist Magnus Pyke cited it as an example of a traditional dish once jeered at by food snobs and even censured by health food devotees but now fully appreciated as a healthy combination.

5 In 2021, the British were said to consume approximately 382 million meals from fish & chip shops annually, which includes 167 million portions of fish & chips. There are also estimated to be around 10,500 fish and chip shops across the UK – that's eight for every one McDonald's outlet, making British Fish and Chips the nation's favourite take-away.

historic-uk.com

`Fish and Chips' (title)

`There is no dish more popular in our country than fish and chips.' (alinea 1)

by Fiona Pepper and Sajithra Nithi

1 In the age of TV on demand, social media and video games, it can be hard to get teenagers to switch off the screen and pick up a book instead. Hard – but not impossible. Holly Godfree, a teacher librarian at a public school in Canberra, says books have many drawcards – like their ability to provide an emotional experience. "There's something about literature and a story, and the fact that it explores the human condition, which fills a really important need," Ms Godfree says.

2 Still, one recent UK study found as few as 10 per cent of teenagers choose to read in their spare time. Margaret Merga, a senior lecturer in education at Edith Cowan University, is "alarmed but not surprised" by the results. She says the problem isn't that teenagers think books are uncool, and notes that book and film collaborations like Harry Potter and The Hunger Games have helped cement reading as "a socially acceptable pastime". The issue, she says, is with the number of competing demands for a teenager's time. She adds that, unlike video games and social media, books often don't provide an instant "dopamine¹ reward". "When we go to apply sustained cognitive attention to a task such as reading it's actually harder to get into it," she says. "It's harder for them to get into that reading experience if they haven't already built that capacity for cognitive stamina."

3 So how do you get a teenager excited about reading? Ms Godfree says her main strategy involves "oozing enthusiasm" about books. She reads "really widely" so she can always recommend fresh releases, and engages with books on a deep level "so that I can have that emotional connection". That way, she says, she can speak about the book with authenticity and sincerity. The responsibility of getting teenagers into reading, of course, can't rest solely on the shoulders of teacher librarians.

4 Dr Merga believes both the school and home are offering less encouragement to read, and that needs to change. Part of the solution, she says, could be if parents continued to read to their kids for as long as possible. "We've found that reading to children has been cut around the point of skill acquisition," she says. "So once children have learnt to read, parents have thought to themselves, `oh thank goodness, we can tick that off'."

5 It's also important to link reading with pleasure, rather than school and testing. "The children just kept saying `we know it's important because it's something that we're tested on' but when I brought around the topic of pleasure they were really not sure at all," Dr Merga says. "It's seen as something that needs to be measured and they're not having that opportunity to really see reading as something that can compete in terms of pleasure with things like social media and the like."

6 Dr Merga also emphasises the importance of being a good role model when it comes to reading. "When they talk about their parents' reading and their parents' expectations for their reading, many students turned around and said `well you know, Mum expects me to read but I don't see her pick up a book'," Dr Merga says. Dr Merga says it's crucial that children see parents reading, and feel comfortable talking about books and expressing their evolving interest in different genres. "Children's tastes and interests change over time so we need to keep that dialogue open with them so that we can keep trying to match them with books that meet their current interests," Dr Merga says.

abc.net.au, 2018

noot 1 dopamine = een stofje in de hersenen dat een rol speelt bij genot

1 Lual Mayen was 12 years old when he saw a computer for the first time. Standing in a queue at a UN registration centre in a refugee camp in Northern Uganda, he was fascinated by the device and thought it must have fallen from heaven. He pleaded with his mother for one, but she could barely afford enough food to feed her family, how could she possibly buy a laptop?!

2 Lual's mother, Nyantet Daruka, single-handedly trekked 250 miles to refuge with her children and gave birth to Lual on the way. Working as a seamstress in the camp, Nyantet secretly saved her income for years, to give her son 300 dollars to buy a laptop. Lual cried when he received his gift. "I did not have a lot of opportunities until my mother invested in me, she saw something in me." Lual was determined to not waste his mother's sacrifice. For three years, he walked three hours every day, to an internet cafe to charge his laptop and three hours back. Through online tutorials, he taught himself English, how to code and design programmes.

3 When Lual first began making games, he wanted something that the children could play in the refugee camp. And in August 2016, he designed his first game, `Salaam', the Arabic word for peace. With no internet in camp, it was only 12 MB/s in size, so it could be shared from mobile to mobile via Bluetooth. Lual posted his game on Facebook and it went viral. He was soon invited to speak at gaming conferences across the world and put in contact with industry professionals. The success of his game launched his career and brought him to America. Now, at the age of 27, Lual lives in a trendy neighbourhood in Washington DC and is the CEO of Junub Games. "Junub is an Arabic word that means people of the South because I'm from South Sudan. I have to create something in the game industry that relates to my people," he said.

4 Junub Games focuses on creating mobile games that are aimed at peacebuilding and conflict resolution. Later this year, Lual will be releasing a new version of Salaam, where he will put the player in the shoes of a refugee. "I wish we lived in a world where [...18...] but that's why I created my game. It's a game that is more than about just being a refugee, it's about (understanding) the journey that they have been through," he stated. Junub Games has teamed up with various NGOs¹ so that when a player makes in-app purchases of food, water and medicine for their character, they are actually buying resources for someone living in a refugee camp.

5 In 2021, Lual founded the Lual Mayen Foundation to empower refugees through technology. In July, the international gaming company Unity Technologies donated 50,000 dollars to fund a tech centre in the refugee camp Lual grew up in. Working in conjunction with Uganda's Ministry of Education, the centre will provide programmes to enable refugees to gain employment in the technology and computer engineering industries.

6 "One thing I always say is talent is evenly distributed and opportunities are not. I wouldn't be where I am today if my mother had not given me something that actually changed my life and now I want to help others too," Lual said.

euronews.com, 2021

noot 1 NGO = Non-Governmental Organisation: onafhankelijke hulporganisatie

"I wouldn't be where I am today if my mother had not given me something that actually changed my life" (alinea 6)

By Anthony Ham

1 Every cat owner has a story to tell of being blanked by their cat: We call to our cat, it turns away, and some of us might be left wondering why we didn't get a dog. But your cat may be listening after all. More than that, it cares more than you may think. A study by French researchers found that not only do cats react to what scientists call cat-directed speech, a high-pitched voice similar to how we talk to babies, they also [...22...]. "We found that when cats heard their owners using a high-pitched voice, they reacted more than when they heard their owner speaking normally to another human adult," said Charlotte de Mouzon, an author of the study and cat behavior expert at the Université Paris Nanterre. "But what was very surprising in our results was that it actually didn't work when it came from a stranger's voice."

2 Unlike with dogs, cat behavior is difficult to study, which is part of why humans understand them less. [...23...] "Their reactions were quite subtle," Dr. de Mouzon said. "It could be just moving an ear or turning the head towards the speaker or even freezing what they were doing." In a few cases, the cats in the study would approach the speaker playing a voice and meow.

3 Unlike dogs, most cats actually prefer human interaction over other rewards like food or toys, "so cats are paying close attention to their caretakers," said Kristyn Vitale, an assistant professor of animal health and behavior at Unity College in Maine. The new study complements Dr. Vitale's own research into relationships between a cat and its owner. This relationship is so important, Dr. Vitale's research has found, that it replicates the connection between a kitten and its mother. "It is possible that attachment behaviors originally intended for interactions with their mother have now been modified for interactions with their new caretakers, humans," Dr. Vitale said.

4 Genetics may also play a role in why dogs are easier to study and are assumed to be friendlier. "Dogs were artificially selected hundreds or thousands of years ago based precisely on their capacity to be trained, whether as sheepdogs, hunting dogs or something else," says Sarah Jeannin, a dog behavior expert at the Université Paris Nanterre. Dr. Jeannin disputed the stereotype that dogs are closer to humans than cats. "People say that dogs are a man's best friend, that you can trust them and that they are very loyal. But we don't know what dogs actually think," she said. "It's really just projection by us that dogs are in love with us."

5 Now, those who are convinced of the [...26...] of cats won't like the answers that are emerging. Cats don't hate us after all, Dr. Vitale said, adding that "a growing number of studies supports the idea that social interaction with humans is key in the life of a cat." According to Dr. de Mouzon, just because cats react in subtle ways doesn't mean they are unfriendly snobs. "Cats don't do what you expect them to do. But if cats don't come when we call them, it may be because they're busy doing something else, or they are resting," she said. "People have these kinds of expectations because when you call a dog, the dog will come. But if someone called you when you were having a nap at the other end of the house, would you go?"

nytimes.com, 2022

"would you go?" (final sentence)

Het volgende fragment is het begin van hoofdstuk 10 uit het boek Front Lines, geschreven door Michael Grant.

Rainy Schulterman, Military Intelligence School, Camp Ritchie, Pennsylvania, USA

Rainy stands before Colonel Derry in his office. She is at attention. He leaves her at attention while he makes a show of looking over her file.

Rainy has a pretty good idea what he's seeing there: of the forty student soldiers in Rainy's class, she is first in German fluency, second in her command of Italian and French, fifth in the math skills that are particularly useful in deciphering coded messages, consistently scores well in her comprehension of the handbooks and lessons, and reads a map reasonably well. She seems to have an intuitive grasp of aerial photography.

On the downside – or what Colonel Derry will no doubt see as the upside – the report from basic training indicates that she can't shoot worth a damn, can barely raise the heavy M1 to aim, and is of no use whatsoever in hand-to-hand combat.

Rainy's instructors – even the "sensible" older hands, who, like Colonel Derry, believe that women have no business even being here – give her high marks for leadership. And neither the censors nor her fellow soldiers nor her NCOs nor her officers have ever gotten an indiscreet word out of her.

She can, in short, keep a secret, a fact she's exceedingly proud of.

Colonel Derry is not a subtle man, and his motives are not hard for Rainy to grasp: he had obviously been hoping to wash out all the females. This is no longer basic training – basic training is almost impossible to wash out of since the army is quite keen to fill uniforms. But this is an elite school, and eliminating the weak is a legitimate part of its role. In fact, as Rainy knows very well, of the initial forty in the school, three women and five men have already been reassigned.

Rainy [...30...] every one of those reassignments so far. She shares the desire to graduate only the most capable. And when it comes to capable, Rainy Schulterman stands out, trading first place back and forth with Sergeant Andy Sprinter – Andy Sprinter who stands six feet three inches tall and could toss Rainy Schulterman in the air like a drum major's baton.

Rainy holds her attention stance. Colonel Derry is willing her to break attention. He is willing her to speak out of turn. But she stands there with her arms at her side, back stiff, chin up, eyes level, barely breathing.

I can stand here all day if that's the game you want to play, Colonel.

"At ease."

The change from full attention to at ease is slight. Proper but minimal. She will not show relief.

"Private First Class Schulterman, what do you think of this school?"

"I think it makes a vital contribution to the war effort, sir."

'On the downside – or what Colonel Derry will no doubt see as the upside' (begin derde alinea)

1 Do you ever wonder if you could pass a lie detection test or imagine what it would be like to read people's body language? Reading body language may be great for adding tension to action movie interrogation scenes, however, the truth is, there isn't much evidence you can detect lies by watching someone's body language.

2 When you try to discover whether someone is lying in an interview, your sources are the behaviour the person displays or the information they provide. Nonverbal lie detection (body language) is more popular than verbal lie detection as people think that lie tellers can control their speech but not their behaviour. Spoken signals of dishonesty, however, are far more telling.

3 People often assume lie tellers [...33...]. For example, that a lie teller might look away from the interviewer, fidget with their hands, sweat or swallow frequently. There is no scientific evidence for this belief. The problem is truth tellers also get nervous during interviews and may display the same behaviour as lie tellers. Lie tellers are more concerned about their credibility, whereas truth tellers are more likely to think that the truth will shine through. However, if lie tellers and truthful people opt for body language strategies, they will do the same thing: avoid displaying signs of nervousness.

4 But the spoken tactics truth tellers and lie tellers use differ. Truth tellers are forthcoming and willing to provide information. They typically do not provide all the information they know at first, because they don't know how much they are expected to offer. Besides, they may also lack the motivation to provide a lot of information. Moreover, truth tellers think their honesty is obvious to observers. Why put so much effort into providing details they think are irrelevant when the truth is clear? Plus, at first, they may be unable to retrieve everything that is stored in their memory.

5 Lie tellers try to [...36...]. They are afraid what they say may give leads to investigators that they can check. They fear they won't be able to repeat all they said when interviewed again later, or that an elaborate lie will require too much thinking time.

6 So, studies analysing deception research have shown that verbal cues are more revealing than nonverbal cues about deceit. Also, people are better at lie detection when they listen to speech than when they observe behaviour. [...37...], interview protocols in most professions, such as border control and police, have been developed by deception researchers aimed at exploiting the different verbal strategies truth tellers and lie tellers use in interviews. It may be less glamorous than a lie detector machine, but simply listening to the words someone says can reveal more about the state of their mind than they'd like.

theconversation.com, 2023

'They typically do not provide all the information they know at first' (alinea 4)

1 The dust bowl was a period of drought and severe dust storms in North America that occurred from 1930 to 1936. It primarily centred on areas in Texas and Oklahoma, but also affected the neighbouring states of Colorado, Kansas and New Mexico.

2 It had huge impacts on the ecology of the region, agriculture and worsened the economy, intensifying the effects of the Great Depression: the long and deep economic downturn that began in 1929. Massive clouds of dirt were blown across the country as a result of prolonged droughts and the application of agricultural practices not suitable for arid and semi-arid regions. The lack of rain caused most crops to fail. This left the fine topsoil of ploughed land, which now lacked the anchoring, moisture-trapping roots of native plants, to be carried across the continent by the wind.

3 Thousands of people were left homeless and many migrated away to less impacted areas over the course of the decade. Restoration of grasslands and the implementation of windbreaks eventually stopped the wind erosion, helping the area to recover by the early 1940s.

nhm.ac.uk

'severe dust storms' (alinea 1)

There are few sports as thrilling as karting. It's fun whether you've been once, or hundreds of times, and part of the thrill is being allowed and encouraged to go as fast as you can – something that's very rare these days! However, there are some common mistakes which will hinder your speed.

1 A kart circuit is an intimidating place for new drivers, and this is made worse by experienced drivers flying past you at what seem like impossibly high speeds. Just ignore faster karts passing you. It's far safer to concentrate on your own driving and let them find their own way past. You will be much more predictable and easier to pass if you are doing your own thing.

2 Karts have very sensitive steering, so keep your hands at the 'quarter to three' position at all times and don't let go. Not only will this give you more precise control over the kart, but you'll be able to react to slides much faster.

3 Kart brakes act on the rear wheels only, meaning braking like you do in a road car simply won't work. The best way to brake in a kart is the opposite to on the road: you should hit the brakes hard initially so they almost lock, then as you get closer to the apex of a corner, gradually and smoothly release them.

4 Getting in a kart for the first time can be a sensory overload. Karts are extremely low to the ground, making everything feel twice as fast, but often people intensify this by looking only a few metres in front of the kart. As a rule, you should always look one stage ahead of where you are. So when braking, you should be looking at the apex, at the apex you should be looking at the exit, and at the exit you should be spotting the next corner. It seems small but it makes a massive difference.

Just remember, being a fast driver comes from driving better, not driving harder, so try to contain your excitement when you get on circuit and build your speed up gradually. Most of all, enjoy it. Not everyone will be an F1 champion, so having fun is far more important than being the best.

redbull.com, 2017

'Mistakes that all novice karters make' (titel)

1 A jet suit for paramedics which would see patients reached in minutes by a "flying" medic has been tested by the Great North Air Ambulance Service (GNAAS). Andy Mawson, director of operations at GNAAS, came up with the idea and described seeing it as "awesome". He said it meant a paramedic could "fly" to a fell top in 90 seconds rather than taking 30 minutes on foot.

2 Mr Mawson said: "There are dozens of patients every month within the complex and hilly but relatively small geographical footprint of the Lakes. We could see the need. What we didn't know for sure is how this would work in practice. Well we've seen it now and it is, quite honestly, awesome." Mr Mawson said the exercise had demonstrated the huge potential of using jet suits to deliver critical care services.

3 The suits have two mini engines on each arm and one on the back allowing the paramedic to control their movement just by moving their hands. "The biggest advantage is its speed," Mr Mawson said. If the idea takes off, the flying paramedic will be armed with a medical kit, with strong pain relief for walkers who may have suffered fractures, and a defibrillator for those who may have suffered a heart attack. Whereas it might normally have taken a paramedic up to an hour to reach the patient, in a jet pack it may only take them a few minutes, and that could mean the difference between life and death.

bbc.co.uk, 2020